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реферат на тему: Этимология английских слов (The etymology of english words)

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(Fr.), “captain” (Lat.) “chieftain” (Fr.). Still others were borrowed from the same language twice, but in different periods: “travel” (Norm. Fr.) - “travail" (Par. Fr.), “cavalry” (Norm. Fr.) - “chivalry” (Par. Fr.), “gaol” (Norm. Fr.) - “jail” (Par. Fr.). A doublet may also consist of a shortened word and the one from which it was derived: “history” - “story”, “fantasy” - “fancy”, “defence” - “fence”, “shadow” - “shade”. Etymological triplets (i. e. groups of three words of common root) occur rarer, but here are at least two examples: “hospital” (Lat.) “hostel” (Norm. Fr.) “hotel” (Par. Fr.), “to capture” (Lat.) “to catch” (Norm. Fr.) “to chase” (Par. Fr.). Translation-Loans By translation-loans we indicate borrowings of a special kind. They are not taken into the vocabulary of another language more or less in the same phonemic shape in which they have been functioning in their own language, but undergo the process of translation. It is quite obvious that it is only compound words (i. e. words of two or more stems). Each stem was translated separately: “masterpiece” (from Germ. “Meisterstuck”), “wonder child” (from Germ. “Wunderkind”), ”first dancer” (from Ital. “prima-ballerina”). Are Etymological and Stylistic Characteristics of Words Interrelated? The answer must be affirmative. Among learned words and terminology the foreign element dominates the native. It also seems that the whole opposition of "formal versus informal" is based on the deeper underlying opposition of "borrowed versus native", as the informal style, especially slang and dialect, abounds in native words even though it is possible to quote numerous exceptions. In point of comparing the expressive and stylistic value of the French and the English words the French ones are usually more formal, more refined, and less emotional. “to begin” “to commence”, “to wish” “to desire”, “happiness" “felicity”. English words are much warmer than their Latin synonyms, they dont sound cold and dry: “motherly” “maternal”, “fatherly” “paternal”, “childish” “infantile", “daughterly” “filial”, etc. 1. Г.Б.Антрушина, О.В.Афанасьева. Лексикология английского языка. - М. Изд. Дрофа. 1999 2. F.R.Palmer. Semantics. A new outline. - M. V.Sh. 1982


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